1. Yini ai-polymerusizo lokucubungula? Uyini umsebenzi wayo?
Impendulo: Izithasiselo zingamakhemikhali asizayo ahlukahlukene adinga ukungezwa ezintweni ezithile kanye nemikhiqizo ekukhiqizeni noma enqubweni yokucubungula ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokukhiqiza nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Enqubweni yokucubungula ama-resin kanye nerabha eluhlaza ibe yipulasitiki nemikhiqizo yenjoloba, amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene asizayo ayadingeka.
Umsebenzi: ① Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yama-polymer, lungiselela izimo zokucubungula, futhi uthumele ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula; ② Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo, uthuthukise inani layo nempilo yokuphila.
2.Kuyini ukuhambisana phakathi kwezithasiselo nama-polymers? Kusho ukuthini ukufutha nokujuluka?
Impendulo: Futha i-polymerization - imvula yezithasiselo eziqinile; Ukujuluka - ukuna kwezithako eziwuketshezi.
Ukuhambisana phakathi kwezithasiselo nama-polymers kubhekisela emandleni ezithasiselo nama-polymers ukuthi ahlanganiswe ngokulinganayo ndawonye isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kanye nemvula;
3.Uyini umsebenzi wamapulasitiki?
Impendulo: Ukwenza buthaka izibopho zesibili phakathi kwama-molecule e-polymer, aziwa ngokuthi amandla e-van der Waals, kwandisa ukuhamba kwamaketanga e-polymer futhi kunciphisa ukucwebezela kwawo.
4.Kungani i-polystyrene inokumelana ne-oxidation engcono kune-polypropylene?
Impendulo: I-H engazinzile ithathelwa indawo yiqembu elikhulu le-phenyl, futhi isizathu sokuthi kungani i-PS ingathandi ukuguga ukuthi iringi ye-benzene inomphumela wokuvikela ku-H; I-PP iqukethe i-hydrogen ephakeme futhi ijwayele ukuguga.
5.Iziphi izizathu zokushisisa kwe-PVC okungazinzile?
Impendulo: ① Isakhiwo sochungechunge lwemolekyuli iqukethe izinsalela zokuqalisa kanye ne-Allyl chloride, eyenza amaqembu asebenzayo asebenze. Iqembu lokugcina isibopho esiphindwe kabili sinciphisa ukuzinza okushisayo; ② Ithonya le-oksijini lisheshisa ukususwa kwe-HCL ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kokushisa kwe-PVC; ③ I-HCl ekhiqizwa ukusabela inomphumela okhuthazayo ekonakalisweni kwe-PVC; ④ Umthelela womthamo we-plasticizer.
6. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwamanje, yimiphi imisebenzi eyinhloko yezinzisi zokushisa?
Impendulo: ① Gcoba futhi unciphise i-HCL, vimbela umphumela wayo ozenzakalelayo we-catalytic; ② Ukushintsha ama-athomu e-alyl chloride angazinzile kuma-molecule e-PVC ukuze kuvinjwe ukukhishwa kwe-HCl; ③ Ukusabela okungeziwe ngezakhiwo ze-polyene kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwezinhlelo ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe futhi kunciphise umbala; ④ Thatha ama-radicals mahhala futhi uvimbele ukusabela kwe-oxidation; ⑤ Ukungathathi hlangothi noma ukudluliswa kwama-ion ensimbi noma ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezidala ukuwohloka; ⑥ Inomphumela ovikelayo, ovikelayo, nowenza buthaka emisebeni ye-ultraviolet.
7.Kungani imisebe ye-ultraviolet iyingozi kakhulu kuma-polymers?
Impendulo: Amagagasi e-Ultraviolet made futhi anamandla, aphula iningi lamabhondi amakhemikhali e-polymer.
8. Hlobo luni lwesistimu ye-synergistic i-intumescent flame retardant eyingxenye yalo, futhi uyini umgomo wayo oyisisekelo kanye nomsebenzi wayo?
Impendulo: Ama-Intumescent flame retardants ayingxenye ye-phosphorus nitrogen synergistic system.
Indlela yokwenza: Uma i-polymer equkethe i-retardant yomlilo ishisiswa, ungqimba olufanayo lwegwebu lekhabhoni lungakhiwa phezu kwalo. Ungqimba lunokubambezeleka kwamalangabi okuhle ngenxa yokuvikela ukushisa, ukuhlukaniswa komoyampilo, ukucindezela intuthu nokuvimbela ukuconsa.
9. Iyini inkomba yomoya-mpilo, futhi buyini ubuhlobo phakathi kobukhulu benkomba ye-oksijini kanye nokuncipha kwelangabi?
Impendulo: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, lapho i-O2 iyizinga lokugeleza komoyampilo; N2: Izinga lokugeleza kwe-nitrogen. Inkomba ye-oxygen ibhekisela kumaphesenti amancane evolumu yomoya-mpilo odingekayo ekugelezeni komoya okuyingxube ye-nitrogen oxygen lapho isampula ethile yesicaciso ingavutha ngokuqhubekayo nangokuqhubekayo njengekhandlela. I-OI<21 iyavutha, i-OI ingama-22-25 enezici zokuzicisha, 26-27 inzima ukuyibasa, futhi ngaphezu kuka-28 kunzima kakhulu ukuyibasa.
10.Ingabe uhlelo lwe-antimony halide retardant flame lubonisa kanjani imiphumela ye-synergistic?
Impendulo: I-Sb2O3 ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa i-antimony, kuyilapho i-organic halides ivame ukusetshenziselwa ama-halides. I-Sb2O3/umshini isetshenziswa nama-halides ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusebenzisana ne-hydrogen halide ekhishwe ama-halides.
Futhi umkhiqizo uboliswa ngokushisa ube yi-SbCl3, okuyigesi eguquguqukayo enephuzu eliphansi lokubila. Le gesi inomthamo omkhulu ohlobene futhi ingahlala endaweni evuthayo isikhathi eside ukuze ihlambulule amagesi avuthayo, ihlukanise umoya, futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuvimbeni ama-olefin; Okwesibili, ingathwebula ama-radicals amahhala ukuze acindeze amalangabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SbCl3 ijiya ibe yiconsi njengezinhlayiya eziqinile phezu kwelangabi, futhi umphumela wayo odongeni uhlakaza inani elikhulu lokushisa, wehlise ijubane noma umise isivinini sokuvutha. Ngokuvamile, isilinganiso esingu-3:1 sifaneleka kakhulu ku-chlorine kuma-athomu ensimbi.
11. Ngokocwaningo lwamanje, yiziphi izindlela zokwenza ama-flame retardants?
Impendulo: ① Imikhiqizo yokubola yezinqamuleli zomlilo ekushiseni kwezinga lokushisa yakha ifilimu elincanyana eliyingilazi elingaguquguquki nelingeyona i-oxidizing, elingahlukanisa amandla okubonisa komoya noma libe ne-thermal conductivity ephansi.
② Izinqamuleli zamalangabi zibola ngokushisayo ukuze zikhiqize amagesi angashi, ngaleyo ndlela zincibilikise amagesi avuthayo futhi zihlambulule ukugcwala komoyampilo endaweni evuthayo; ③ Ukonakala nokubola kwezinqamuli zomlilo zimunca ukushisa futhi zidle ukushisa;
④ Izinqamuleli zamalangabi zikhuthaza ukwakheka kongqimba olungenambobo lwe-thermal insulation ebusweni bamapulasitiki, ukuvimbela ukuqhutshwa kokushisa kanye nokuvutha okuqhubekayo.
12.Kungani ipulasitiki ijwayele ugesi omile ngesikhathi sokucubungula noma ukusetshenziswa?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuthi amaketanga amangqamuzana e-polymer eyinhloko ngokuvamile akhiwe ngamabhondi ahlangene, awakwazi uku-ionize noma ukudlulisa ama-electron. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yayo, lapho ihlangana futhi ingqubuzana nezinye izinto noma yona ngokwayo, ikhokhiswa ngenxa yokuzuza noma ukulahleka kwama-electron, futhi kuba nzima ukunyamalala ngokuziqhuba.
13. Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo samangqamuzana ama-antistatic agents?
Impendulo: I-RYX R: iqembu le-oleophilic, Y: iqembu elixhumanisa, X: iqembu le-hydrophilic. Kuma-molecule awo, kufanele kube nebhalansi efanelekile phakathi kweqembu le-oleophilic elingeyona i-polar kanye neqembu le-polar hydrophilic, futhi kufanele libe nokuhambisana okuthile nezinto ze-polymer. Amaqembu e-Alkyl ngenhla kwe-C12 angamaqembu e-oleophilic ajwayelekile, kuyilapho i-hydroxyl, i-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, ne-ether bond ingamaqembu ajwayelekile e-hydrophilic.
14. Chaza kafushane indlela yokusebenza yama-anti-static agents.
Impendulo: Okokuqala, ama-anti-static agents akha ifilimu eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ebusweni bento, enganikeza ubuso bomkhiqizo ngezinga elithile le-hygroscopicity kanye ne-ionization, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ukumelana nokumelana komhlaba futhi ibangele ukushaja okumile okukhiqiziwe ukuthi kusheshe. ukuvuza, ukuze kuzuzwe inhloso ye-anti-static; Okwesibili ukunikeza ingaphezulu lempahla ngezinga elithile lokuthambisa, ukunciphisa i-coefficient yokungqubuzana, futhi ngaleyo ndlela cindezela futhi unciphise ukukhiqizwa kwamashaji amile.
① Ama-anti-static agents angaphandle ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezincibilikisi noma izihlanzi ngamanzi, utshwala, noma ezinye izincibilikisi eziphilayo. Lapho usebenzisa ama-anti-static agents ukumilisa izinto ze-polymer, ingxenye ye-hydrophilic ye-anti-static ejenti ikhangisa ngokuqinile phezu kwento, futhi ingxenye ye-hydrophilic imunca amanzi emoyeni, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe ungqimba olubambayo ebusweni bento. , edlala indima ekuqedeni ugesi omile;
② I-ejenti ye-anti-static yangaphakathi ixutshwa ku-matrix ye-polymer ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwepulasitiki, bese ithuthela phezu kwe-polymer ukuze idlale indima ephikisana ne-static;
③ I-ejenti ye-polymer ehlanganisiwe ehlala njalo ye-anti-static iyindlela yokuhlanganisa ngokulinganayo ama-polymers we-hydrophilic abe i-polymer ukuze akhe amashaneli aqhubayo aqhuba futhi akhulule amashaji amile.
15.Yiziphi izinguquko ezivame ukwenzeka esakhiweni nasezimpahleni zenjoloba ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-vulcanization?
Impendulo: ① Irabha eshisiwe ishintshile ukusuka kusakhiwo somugqa ukuya kusakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu; ② Ukushisa akusagelezi; ③ Ayisekho encibilikayo ku-solvent yayo enhle; ④ Imodulus ethuthukisiwe nobulukhuni; ⑤ Izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini; ⑥ Ukumelana nokuguga okuthuthukisiwe nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali; ⑦ Ukusebenza kwesikhulumi kungase kwehle.
16. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesulfure sulfide kanye nesulfure donor sulfide?
Impendulo: ① I-sulphur vulcanization: Izibopho zesibabule eziningi, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nokuguga okungekuhle, ukuguquguquka okuhle, kanye nokuguqulwa okukhulu okungapheli; ② Umnikezeli wesulfure: Amabhondi amaningi esulfure eyodwa, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle nokumelana nokuguga.
17. Wenzani umgqugquzeli we-vulcanization?
Impendulo: Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yenjoloba, unciphise izindleko, futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza. Izinto ezingakhuthaza ukwenziwa kwe-vulcanization. Ingakwazi ukufinyeza isikhathi se-vulcanization, yehlise izinga lokushisa le-vulcanization, inciphise inani le-ejenti elimazayo, futhi ithuthukise izici zomzimba nemishini yerabha.
18. Isenzakalo sokushiswa: kubhekisela esimweni sokuqala sokwenziwa kwe-vulcanization kwezinto zenjoloba ngesikhathi sokucubungula.
19. Chaza kafushane umsebenzi kanye nezinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-ejenti abulalayo
Impendulo: Umsebenzi we-activator ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-accelerator, ukunciphisa umthamo we-accelerator, futhi unciphise isikhathi se-vulcanization.
I-ejenti esebenzayo: into engakhuphula umsebenzi wama-accelerator ezinto eziphilayo, ukuwavumela ukuthi asebenzise ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela ehlise inani lama-accelerator asetshenzisiwe noma anciphise isikhathi sokuvuvukala. Ama-agent asebenzayo ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezimbili: ama-agent asebenzayo we-inorganic kanye nama-agent asebenzayo. Ama-inorganic surfactants ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa ama-oxide ensimbi, ama-hydroxides, nama-carbonate ayisisekelo; Ama-organic surfactants ikakhulukazi afaka amafutha acids, ama-amine, insipho, ama-polyols, nama-amino alcohols. Ukwengeza inani elincane le-activator kwinhlanganisela yerabha kungathuthukisa idigri yayo ye-vulcanization.
1) Ama-agent asebenzayo we-Inorganic: ikakhulukazi ama-oxide ensimbi;
2) Ama-ejenti asebenzayo e-organic: ikakhulukazi ama-fatty acids.
Qaphela: ① I-ZnO ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yensimbi evuvukalayo ku-crosslink irabha ene-halogenated; ② I-ZnO ingathuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kwerabha eshisiwe.
20.Iyini imiphumela yokuthunyelwe kwama-accelerator futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zokusheshisa ezinemiphumela emihle yokuthunyelwe?
Impendulo: Ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-vulcanization, ngeke kubangele ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Uma izinga lokushisa le-vulcanization lifinyelelwa, umsebenzi we-vulcanization uphezulu, futhi le ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi umphumela wokuthunyelwe we-accelerator. I-sulfonamides inemiphumela emihle yokuthumela.
21. Incazelo yamafutha kanye nomehluko phakathi kwamafutha angaphakathi nangaphandle?
Impendulo: I-Lubricant - isithasiselo esingakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukungqubuzana nokunamathela phakathi kwezinhlayiya zepulasitiki naphakathi kokuncibilika nendawo yensimbi yemishini yokucubungula, ukwandisa uketshezi lwe-resin, ukufeza isikhathi se-resin plasticization eguquguqukayo, nokugcina ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo, kubizwa ngokuthi i-lubricant.
Izinto zokugcoba zangaphandle zingakhuphula ukuthambisa kwezindawo zepulasitiki ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa, zinciphise amandla okunamathela phakathi kwepulasitiki nensimbi, futhi zinciphise amandla okugunda, ngaleyo ndlela kufinyelele umgomo wokucutshungulwa kalula ngaphandle kokulimaza izakhiwo zepulasitiki. Izithambisi zangaphakathi zinganciphisa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwama-polymer, zikhuphule izinga lokuncibilika kanye nokuncibilika kwepulasitiki, kunciphise ukuncibilika kwe-viscosity, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwepulasitiki.
Umehluko phakathi kwezithambisi zangaphakathi nangaphandle: Izithambisi zangaphakathi zidinga ukuhambisana kahle nama-polymers, zinciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaketanga amangqamuzana, futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kokugeleza; Futhi izithambisi zangaphandle zidinga izinga elithile lokuhambisana nama-polymers ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-polymers nezindawo ezinomshini.
22. Yiziphi izici ezinquma ubukhulu bomphumela wokuqiniswa kwama-fillers?
Impendulo: Ubukhulu bomphumela wokuqinisa buncike esakhiweni esiyinhloko sepulasitiki ngokwayo, inani lezinhlayiya zokugcwalisa, indawo ethile nobukhulu, umsebenzi ongaphezulu, usayizi wezinhlayiya nokusabalalisa, isakhiwo sesigaba, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nokuhlakazwa kwezinhlayiya ngaphakathi. ama-polymers. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesigcwalisi kanye nongqimba lwesixhumi esibonakalayo olwakhiwe amaketanga e-polymer polymer, okuhlanganisa kokubili amandla angokwenyama noma amakhemikhali akhishwa ingxenye yezinhlayiya emaketangeni e-polymer, kanye nokucwebezela nokuma kwamaketango e-polymer. ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo esibonakalayo.
23. Yiziphi izici ezithinta amandla amapulasitiki aqinisiwe?
Impendulo: ① Amandla e-ejenti eqinisayo akhethiwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo; ② Amandla ama-polymer ayisisekelo angahlangatshezwana nawo ngokukhethwa nokuguqulwa kwama-polymers; ③ Isibopho esingaphezulu phakathi kwama-plasticizers nama-polymer ayisisekelo; ④ Izinto zenhlangano zokuqinisa izinto.
24. Iyini i-ejenti yokuhlanganisa, izici zayo zesakhiwo samangqamuzana, kanye nesibonelo sokukhombisa indlela yokwenza.
Impendulo: Ama-ejenti ahlanganisayo abhekisela ohlotsheni lwento engathuthukisa izakhiwo ze-interface phakathi kwama-filler nezinto ze-polymer.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamaqembu asebenzayo esakhiweni sawo samangqamuzana: umuntu angabhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali nge-polymer matrix noma okungenani abe nokuhambisana okuhle; Olunye uhlobo lungakha izibopho zamakhemikhali ngezigcwalisi ezingaphili. Isibonelo, i-ejenti yokuhlanganisa i-silane, ifomula evamile ingabhalwa njenge-RSiX3, lapho i-R iyiqembu elisebenzayo elisebenzayo elihambisanayo futhi lisebenza kabusha nama-molecule e-polymer, njenge-vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, namaqembu e-thiol. I-X iyiqembu le-alkoxy elingenziwa i-hydrolyzed, njenge-methoxy, i-ethoxy, njll.
25. Yini into ekhipha amagwebu?
Impendulo: I-ejenti ekhihliza amagwebu iwuhlobo lwento engenza ukwakheka okuncane kwerabha noma ipulasitiki endaweni ewuketshezi noma yepulasitiki ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile le-viscosity.
I-Physical Foaming agent: uhlobo lwenhlanganisela efinyelela izinjongo zokukhihliza amagwebu ngokuthembela ekushintsheni kwesimo sayo somzimba ngesikhathi sokukhihliza amagwebu;
I-Chemical Foaming agent: Ezingeni elithile lokushisa izobola ngokushisa ukuze ikhiqize igesi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ibangele ukugwebulwa kwe-polymer.
26. Yiziphi izici ze-inorganic chemistry kanye ne-organic chemistry ekuboleni kwama-agent akhipha amagwebu?
Impendulo: Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwe-organic Foaming ejenti: ① ukuhlakazeka okuhle kuma-polymer; ② Ibanga lokushisa lokubola lincane futhi kulula ukulilawula; ③ Igesi ye-N2 ekhiqiziwe ayishi, iqhume, incibilike kalula, inezinga eliphansi lokusabalalisa, futhi akulula ukuphunyuka kugwebu, okuholela ekukhuphukeni kwengubo; ④ Izinhlayiya ezincane ziphumela ezimbotsheni ezincane zegwebu; ⑤ Kunezinhlobo eziningi; ⑥ Ngemva kokukhihliza amagwebu, kuba nensalela eningi, ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela ku-70% -85%. Lezi zinsalela ngezinye izikhathi zingabangela iphunga, zingcolise izinto ze-polymer, noma zikhiqize isenzakalo sesithwathwa esingaphezulu; ⑦ Ngesikhathi sokubola, ngokuvamile kuba ukusabela kwe-exothermic. Uma ukushisa okubolayo kwe-ejenti enegwebu esetshenzisiwe kuphezulu kakhulu, kungase kubangele izinga lokushisa elikhulu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesistimu yokukhipha amagwebu ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha amagwebu, ngezinye izikhathi kubangele izinga lokushisa eliphezulu langaphakathi futhi kulimaze izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-polymer Organic Foaming agents. ikakhulukazi izinto ezivuthayo, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ekuvimbeleni umlilo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa nokusetshenziswa.
27. Iyini i-masterbatch yombala?
Impendulo: Kuyi-aggregate eyenziwe ngokulayisha ngokulinganayo ama-pigments aqinile noma odayi eresini; Izingxenye eziyisisekelo: izingulube noma odayi, abathwali, ama-dispersants, izithasiselo; Umsebenzi: ① Kuyazuzisa ukugcina ukuqina kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuzinza kombala wezingulube; ② Thuthukisa ukuhlakazeka kombala kumapulasitiki; ③ Vikela impilo yabasebenzisi; ④ Inqubo elula nokuguqulwa kombala kulula; ⑤ Indawo ezungezile ihlanzekile futhi ayingcolisi izitsha; ⑥ Yonga isikhathi nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
28. Amandla okufaka imibala abhekisele kuphi?
Impendulo: Kuyikhono lama-colorants ukuthinta umbala wayo yonke ingxube ngombala wabo; Lapho ama-ejenti ombala esetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki, amandla azo okumboza asho ikhono lawo lokuvimbela ukukhanya ukuthi kungangeni emkhiqizweni.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-11-2024