1. Yini aipholisaUsizo lokucubungula? Uyini umsebenzi wawo?
Impendulo: Izengezo ngamakhemikhali ahlukile asiza adinga ukungezwa kwezinto ezithile nemikhiqizo ekukhiqizweni noma ekusebenzeni inqubo yokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza futhi athuthukise ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Enqubweni yokucubungula ama-resin kanye nenjoloba eluhlaza emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki neyabajikiji, kudingeka amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene asiza.
Umsebenzi: ① Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yama-polymers, uthuthukise izimo zokucubungula, futhi uhambise ukusebenza kahle; ② Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa inani labo kanye nokuphila kwabo.
2.Yini ukuhambisana phakathi kwezithasiselo nama-polymers? Kusho ukuthini ukufafaza nokujuluka?
Impendulo: Spray Polymerization - Imvula Yezengezo Eziqinile; Ukujuluka - imvula yezithasiselo eziwuketshezi.
Ukuhambisana phakathi kwezengezo nama-polymers kubhekisele emandleni okufakwa nama-polymer ahlanganiswe ngokufanayo isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kanye nezulu;
3.Yini umsebenzi wamapulasitiki?
Impendulo: Yenza buthaka amabhondi wesibili phakathi kwama-polymer molecule, owaziwa ngokuthi ama-van der Waals amabutho, kwandisa ukuhamba kwamaketanga we-polymer futhi kunciphise i-crystaltaltity yabo.
4.Kungani i-polystyrene inokuphikiswa okungcono kwe-oxidation kune-polypropylene?
Impendulo: I-H engazinzile yathathelwa indawo yiqembu elikhulu le-Phenyl, kanye nesizathu esenza ukuthi i-PS ingathambekele ekugugeni ukuthi i-benzene ring inomphumela wokuvikelwa ku-H; I-PP iqukethe i-hydrogen ephakeme futhi ithambekele ekugugeni.
5.Yini izizathu zokushisa kwe-PVC ezingazinzile?
Impendulo: ① Isakhiwo se-Molecular Chain sakhiwo siqukethe izinsalela ze-Initiator kanye ne-Allyl Chloride, esebenza amaqembu asebenzayo. Iqembu le-End Group Double Bond linciphisa ukuqina okushisayo; ② Ithonya le-oksijini lisheshisa ukususwa kwe-HCL ngesikhathi sokuwohloka okushisayo kwe-PVC; ③ I-hcl ekhiqizwa yi-reaction inomthelela we-catalytic ekuwohlokeni kwe-PVC; ithonya lomthamo wepulasitiki.
I-6. Kususelwa emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwamanje, yimiphi imisebenzi esemqoka yabaqinisi bokushisa?
Impendulo: ② Ukubuyisela ama-athomu angenakuzinzizela we-allly chloride kuma-molecule e-PVC ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-HCL; Ukusabela kwezengezo kwe-polyene kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwezinhlelo ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe kanye nokunciphisa imibala; ④ Capture ama-radicals wamahhala futhi uvimbele ukusabela kwe-oxidation; ⑤ ukungathathi hlangothi noma ukuphumelela kwama-ion wensimbi noma ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezithinta ukonakala; ⑥ Inomphumela wokuvikela, ovikelekile, nowokuthola amandla emisebeni ye-ultraviolet.
7.Yungani imisebe ye-ultraviolet ebhubhisa kakhulu kuma-polymers?
Impendulo: Amagagasi e-Ultraviolet ade futhi anamandla, aphula ama-polymer chemical bond.
8. Hlobo luni lohlelo lwe-pernergistic luvutha i-Intumescent Flame Retardant?
Impendulo: I-Intumescent Flame Retaardants ingeye-phosphorus nitrogen synertic system.
Indlela: Lapho i-polymer equkethe i-flame retardant ifudumele, ungqimba lwe-carbon Foam lomfaniswano lungakhiwa ebusweni bayo. Isendlalelo sine-flame retardancy enhle ngenxa yokufakelwa kwayo kokushisa, ukuhlukaniswa komoya-mpilo, ukucindezela kwentuthu kanye nokuvimbela i-fonsi.
9. Uyini inkomba ye-oxygen, futhi buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kosayizi we-oxygen inkomba kanye ne-flame retardancy?
Impendulo: OI = O2 / (O2 N2) x 100%, lapho i-O2 iyisilinganiso sokuhamba komoya-mpilo; N2: Izinga lokugeleza kweNitrogen. Inkomba ye-oksijini ibhekisela emaphesenti aphansi wevolumu le-oksijini edingekayo ku-nitrogen oxygen inhlanganisela yomoya lapho isampula ethile ecashile ingashisa ngokuqhubekayo futhi iqinile njengekhandlela. I-OI <21 iyavutha, i-OI ingu-22-25 ngezindawo zokuzichaza, 26-27 kunzima ukusula, futhi ngaphezulu kwama-28 kunzima kakhulu ukuqeda.
10.I-Antimony halide flame retardant system ukhombisa imiphumela ye-synergistic?
Impendulo: I-SB2O3 ivame ukusetshenziselwa antimony, ngenkathi ama-organic ama-halide ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ama-halide. I-SB2O3 / Umshini isetshenziswa ngama-haldes ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwayo nge-hydrogen halide ekhishwe ama-halides.
Futhi umkhiqizo unciphise ngokushisayo ube yi-SBCL3, okuyigesi eguquguqukayo enendawo evuthayo ephansi. Le gesi inobunzima obuphezulu obukhulu futhi ingahlala endaweni evuthayo isikhathi eside ukunciphisa amagesi avuthayo, ukuhlukanisa umoya, nokudlala indima ekuvinjelweni kokuvimba ama-Olefin; Okwesibili, kungabamba ama-radicals wamahhala ahlanganayo ukucindezela amalangabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-sbcl3 ama-condenses abe ngamaconsi afana nezinhlayiya eziqinile ngaphezulu kwelangabi, futhi umphumela walo wangemuva usakaza inani elikhulu lokushisa, wehlise ijubane noma ukumisa ijubane lokuvutha. Ngokuvamile, isilinganiso esingu-3: 1 silungele kakhulu i-chlorine ibe ama-athomu wensimbi.
11. Ngokokucwaninga kwamanje, yini izindlela zokwenza amalangabi amalangabi?
Impendulo: ① Imikhiqizo yokukhomba ye-Flame Retardants ekushiseni kwe-Combustion ifomu lokushisa elingaguquki futhi elingelona i-oxidizing slass fily, elingahlukanisa amandla okukhombisa umoya noma ukuba nokuvuselelwa okuphansi okushisayo.
② Amalangabi amalangabi aqothule ukuwohloka okushisayo ukukhiqiza amagesi angavutha, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise amagesi ahlanganayo futhi anciphise umoya-mpilo we-oxygen endaweni yokuvutha; ③ Ukuchithwa kanye nokubola kwamalangabi amalangabi athola ukushisa nokudla ukushisa;
I-Flame Retadadants igqugquzela ukwakheka kwesendlalelo se-porrmal yokufakelwa phezulu ebusweni bamapulasitiki, ukuvimbela ukushiswa kokushisa kanye nokuhlangana okwengeziwe.
12.Kungani kuthambekele epulasitiki kugesi ozocubungula noma usebenzise?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuthi amaketanga ama-molecular a-polymer main ahlanganiswa kakhulu ama-combared bond, awakwazi ukuhambisa noma ukudlulisa ama-elektroni. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yayo, uma kukhulunywa ngokuxhumana nangokuphazamiseka nezinye izinto noma ngokwayo, kuyakhokhiswa ngenxa yokuthola inzuzo noma ukulahleka kwama-elektroni, futhi kunzima ukunyamalala ngokuzithemba.
13. Iziphi izici zesakhiwo samangqamuzana ama-antistatic agents?
Impendulo: I-RYX R: I-Oleophilic Group, Y: Iqembu le-Linker, X: Iqembu le-Hydrophilic. Kuma-molecule abo, kufanele kube nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kweqembu le-ole-polar ye-oleophilic kanye neqembu le-polar hydrophilic, futhi kufanele kube nokuvumelana okuthile ngezinto zokwenziwa kwama-polymer. Amaqembu e-Alkyl ngenhla kwe-C12 anamaqembu ajwayelekile we-oleophic, ngenkathi i-hydroxyl, i-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, kanye nama-ether amabhodlela amaqembu ajwayelekile we-hydrophilic.
14. Chaza kafushane inqubo yezenzo zama-anti-tuli agents.
Impendulo: Okokuqala, ama-ejenti alwa nama-anti-tultic akha impinda eqhubekayo ebusweni bezinto ezibonakalayo ngenhlamvu ye-hygroscopicity kanye ne-ionization, ukuze anciphise injongo ye-anti-static masinyane, Okwesibili ukuqeda indawo ebonakalayo enezinga elithile lokuthambisa, ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana okukhohlisayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kucindezelwe futhi kunciphise isizukulwane samacala athe xaxa.
Agents Agents Anti-Static yangaphandle ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezixazululo noma ama-disvides anamanzi, utshwala, noma amanye ama-solvents ezi-organic. Lapho usebenzisa ama-anti-static agents ukukhipha izinto ze-polymer, ingxenye ye-hydrophilic ye-anti-static agent eqinile adssorbs ebusweni bezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nengxenye ye-hydrophilic ithatha indawo yokuphamba komoya, okudlala indima ekuqedeni ugesi ophelele;
Ument wangaphakathi we-anti-static uxutshwe ne-matrix ye-polymer ngesikhathi sokucubungula sepulasitiki, bese ufudukela ebusweni be-polymer ukuze badlale indima elwa ne-tuli;
③ I-Agemer ehlanganisiwe ye-Anti-Static ehlanganisiwe iyindlela yokuhlanganisa ama-hydrophilic afana ne-Peldmer kwi-polymer ukwakha iziteshi eziqhutshwayo eziqhuba futhi zikhiphe izindleko ze-static.
15. Izinguquko ezivame ukwenzeka ekwakhiweni nasezakhiweni zenjoloba ngemuva kokuvuselela?
Impendulo: ① Irabha elivuselelayo lishintshile lisuka ekwakhekeni okuqondile kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi enezici ezintathu; ② Ukushisa akusekho ukugeleza; ③ asisathambeki ku-solvent yaso enhle; ④ i-modulus nobulukhuni obuthuthukisiwe; ⑤ Izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini; ⑥ ukumelana nokukhula okuthuthukile nokuqina kwamakhemikhali; ⑦ Ukusebenza okuphakathi kungancipha.
16. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesibabule sulfide nesibabule sonor sulfide?
Impendulo: ① I-Sulfur Vulcanization: Amabhondi weSulfur amaningi, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nokuguga okumpofu, ukuguquguquka okuhle, nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwaphakade; ② Sulfur Donor: Amabhondi amaningi we-sulfure amaningi, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle nokumelana nokuguga.
17. Wenzani umgqugquzeli we-Vulcanization?
Impendulo: Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yenjoloba, ukunciphisa izindleko, futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza. Izinto ezingathuthukisa ubuvikeleli. Kunganciphisa isikhathi se-vulcaniation, kwehlisa amazinga okushisa we-vulcanization, ukunciphisa inani le-ejenti le-polcaning, futhi kuthuthukise izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezemishini zenjoloba.
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19. Chaza kafushane umsebenzi nezinhlobo eziphambili zama-ejenti ama-Vulcaning
Impendulo: Umsebenzi we-activator ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-accelerator, wehlise umthamo we-accelerator, futhi unciphise isikhathi sokuvuselela.
Umenzeli osebenzayo: Into engakhuphula umsebenzi wama-accelerators ezi-organic, ukuwavumela ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise inani lama-accelerator asetshenziswa noma anciphise isikhathi sokuvuka noma ukunciphisa isikhathi se-vulcani. Ama-ejenti asebenzayo ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ama-inOrganic adgen agents kanye nama-organic adge antes. Ama-inorganic surfactants ikakhulukazi afaka ama-oxides wensimbi, ama-hydroxides, nama-carbonate ayisisekelo; Ama-organic surfactants ikakhulukazi afaka ama-acid anamafutha, amines, insipho, ama-polyols, kanye nama-amino aklohols. Ukungeza inani elincane le-activator kwikhompiyutha yerabha kungathuthukisa iziqu zayo zokuvuselela.
1) Ama-ejenti asebenzayo we-inorganic: ikakhulukazi ama-oxides wensimbi;
2) Ama-Organic Active Agents: Kakhulu ama-Acid anamafutha.
Ukunakwa: ① ZNO ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yensimbi oxi yokuvuselela i-ejenti yokuwela irabha le-halogenated; ② ZNO angathuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kwenjoloba evundlekeni.
20.Yini imiphumela yeposi yabase-accelerators nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamasheya anemiphumela emihle yokuposa?
Impendulo: Ngezansi kwe-Vulcanization lokushisa, ngeke kubangele ubuvali bokuqala. Lapho amazinga okushisa aseVuvanization esefinyelelwe, umsebenzi we-vulcanization uphezulu, futhi le mpahla ibizwa ngokuthi yi-accelerator. Ama-Sulfonamides anemiphumela emihle yokuposa.
21. Ukuchazwa kwezithako nokwehlukahluka phakathi kokuthambisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle?
Impendulo: I-Lubricant - Isengezo Esingathuthukisa Ukushayelwa Nokunamathela phakathi kwezinhlayiya zepulasitiki kanye phakathi kokuncibilika kanye ne-weresital of resin, futhi kugcina ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki okuguqukayo, kuthi kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa okuqinile, kubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa okusebenzayo.
Ukuthambisa kwangaphandle kungakhuphula i-liblity yezindawo zepulasitiki ngesikhathi sokulungisa, zinciphise amandla okunamathela phakathi kwendawo yepulasitiki neyensimbi, bese unciphisa amandla we-mehear, ngaleyo ndlela uzuze inhloso yokucutshungulwa kalula ngaphandle kokulimaza izakhiwo eziningi zamapulasitiki. Izithambisi zangaphakathi zinganciphisa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwama-polymers, kwandise izinga lokuncibilika futhi kuncibilike ukonakala kwamapulasitiki, ukunciphisa ukuncibilika kwepulasitiki, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza ngopulasitiki.
Umehluko phakathi kwezithako zangaphakathi nangaphandle: Izinto zokuthambisa zangaphakathi zidinga ukuhambisana okuhle nama-polymers, ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwamaketanga amamolekyuli, nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwe-flow; Futhi ama-lubrics angaphandle adinga izinga elithile lokuhambisana nama-polymers ukunciphisa ukungezwani phakathi kwama-polymers kanye nezindawo ezinemishini.
22. Iziphi izinto ezinquma ubukhulu bomphumela wokuqinisa ama-fillers?
Impendulo: Ubukhulu bemiphumela eqinisiwe kuya ngesakhiwo esikhulu seplastiki uqobo, inani lezinhlayiyana ze-filler, indawo ethize, umsebenzi wokusatshalaliswa, nokwakhiwa kwesigaba, kanye nokuhlakazeka kwezinhlayiyana kuma-polymers. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-filler kanye nesendlalelo esibonakalayo esakhiwe ngamaketanga we-polymer polymer, okubandakanya womabili amabutho omzimba noma amakhemikhali anikezwe yi-polymer chains emakhethini e-polymer ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo se-polymer ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo se-polymer ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo se-intellifactor.
23. Iziphi izici ezithinta amandla amapulasitiki aqinisiwe?
Impendulo: ① Amandla we-ejenti yokuqinisa akhethiwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo; Amandla ama-polymers ayisisekelo angahlangabezana nokukhethwa kanye nokuguqulwa kwama-polymers; ③ Ukubopha okungaphezulu phakathi kwamapulasitiki nama-polymers ayisisekelo; ④ Izinto zenhlangano zenhlangano yezinto zokwakha eziqinisayo.
24. Yini umenzeli wokuhlanganisa, izici zayo zesakhiwo zamangqamuzana, kanye nesibonelo ukukhombisa indlela yokusebenza.
Impendulo: Ama-Coupling Agents abhekisela kuhlobo lwento engathuthukisa izakhiwo ezibonakalayo phakathi kwama-filler kanye nezinto zokwakha ama-polymer.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamaqembu asebenzayo esakhiweni sayo samangqamuzana: umuntu angabhekana namakhemikhali nge-polymer matrix noma okungenani anokuhambisana okuhle; Olunye uhlobo lungakha izibopho zamakhemikhali nge-inorganic filler. Isibonelo, i-ejenti ehlanganayo yaseSilone, ifomula elijwayelekile lingabhalwa njenge-RSIX3, lapho i-R iyiqembu elisebenzayo elinobudlelwano kanye nokusebenza ngama-polymer chloropropyl, i-epoxy, methacryl, amino namaqembu e-thiol, amino namaqembu. U-X uyiqembu le-alkoxy elingase lihlotshiswe nge-hydrolyzed, njenge-methoxy, ethoxy, njll.
25. Uyini umenzeli we-fooming?
Impendulo: Umenzeli we-Foaming uluhlobo lwento engakha ukwakheka kwe-microporous kwerabha noma ipulasitiki endaweni ewuketshezi noma yepulasitiki ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile bokubona.
Umenzeli we-Foaming ongokoqobo: Uhlobo lwe-Compound olufezekisa izinhloso zokufaka amagwebu ngokuncika ezinguquko esimweni sayo senyama ngesikhathi senqubo ye-Foaming;
Umenzeli we-Chemical Foaming: Kumazinga okushisa athile, kuzokubola ngokunethezeka ukukhiqiza amagesi noma amaningi, kubangele amagwebu e-polymer.
26. Iziphi izici ze-inorganic chemistry kanye namakhemikhali e-organic ekuboleni ama-foaming agents?
IMPENDULO: Izinzuzo nobubi bama-Organic Foaming Agents: ① Ukungabonakali okuhle kuma-polymers; ② Uhla lokushisa lokugcina luncane futhi kulula ukulawula; ③ Igesi ekhiqizwayo ye-N2 ayishisi, iqhume, i-liquefy kalula, inezinga eliphansi eliphansi, futhi akulula ukubalekela ku-foam, okuholela ekulinganiselweni kwengubo ephezulu; ④ Izinhlayiya ezincane ziholela kumagwebu amancane; Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi; Ngemuva kwamagwebu, kunezinsalela eziningi, kwesinye isikhathi ziphakeme ngo-70% -85%. Lezi zinsalela kwesinye isikhathi zingadala iphunga, zingcolise izinto ze-polymer, noma zikhiqize into yesithwathwa engaphezulu; ⑦ Ngesikhathi sokubola, ngokuvamile ukusabela okuxolelisayo. Uma ukuwohloka kwe-ejenti ye-fooming esetshenzisiwe kuphezulu kakhulu, kungadala ukuthi izinga lokushisa elikhulu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kohlelo lwamagwebu kanye nokulimaza izimo ze-polymer kanye nokunakwayo kufanele kukhokhwe ekuvinjelweni komlilo ngesikhathi sokugcina nokusetshenziswa.
27. Yini i-masterbatch yombala?
Impendulo: Kuyisihlanganisi esenziwe ngokulayishwa ngokulinganayo imibala ephakeme kakhulu noma udayi ku-resin; Izingxenye eziyisisekelo: imibala noma amadayi, abathwali, abahlakazekile, izengezo; Umsebenzi: ① Unenzuzo yokugcina ukuqina kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuqina kombala kwemibala; ② Thuthukisa ukuhlakazwa kwemibala kumapulasitiki; Vikela impilo yabasebenza; Inqubo elula kanye nokuguqulwa kombala okulula; ⑤ Imvelo ihlanzekile futhi ayingcolisi izinto; ⑥ Songa isikhathi nezinto zokwakha ezingavuthiwe.
28. Ibiza ini?
Impendulo: Kuyikhono le-Colorants ukuthi lithinte umbala wengxubelwano yonke ngombala wazo; Lapho kusetshenziswa ama-ancents anemibala emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki, amandla abo okumboza abhekisa emandleni awo okuvimbela ukukhanya ekungeneni umkhiqizo.
Isikhathi sePosi: APR-11-2024