1. Kuyinii-polymerUsizo lokucubungula? Uyini umsebenzi walo?
Impendulo: Izithasiselo zingamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene asizayo adinga ukungezwa ezintweni ezithile kanye nemikhiqizo enqubweni yokukhiqiza noma yokucubungula ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Enqubweni yokucubungula ama-resin kanye nerabha eluhlaza ibe yimikhiqizo yepulasitiki neyerabha, kudingeka amakhemikhali asizayo ahlukahlukene.
Umsebenzi: ① Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yama-polymer, ulungise izimo zokucubungula, futhi ulethe ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula; ② Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo, uthuthukise inani layo kanye nesikhathi sayo sokuphila.
2. Kuyini ukuhambisana phakathi kwezithasiselo nama-polymer? Kusho ukuthini ukufafaza nokujuluka?
Impendulo: Ukufutha i-polymerization – ukufutha kwezithasiselo eziqinile; Ukujuluka – ukufutha kwezithasiselo eziwuketshezi.
Ukuhambisana phakathi kwezithasiselo nama-polymer kubhekisela ekhonweni lezithasiselo nama-polymer lokuhlanganiswa ndawonye isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kanye nemvula;
3. Uyini umsebenzi wama-plasticizer?
Impendulo: Ukunciphisa izibopho zesibili phakathi kwama-molecule e-polymer, aziwa ngokuthi amandla e-van der Waals, kwandisa ukuhamba kwamaketanga e-polymer futhi kunciphisa ukwakheka kwawo kwekristalu.
4. Kungani i-polystyrene inokumelana okungcono kwe-oxidation kune-polypropylene?
Impendulo: I-H engazinzile ithathelwa indawo yiqembu elikhulu le-phenyl, futhi isizathu sokuthi kungani i-PS ingagugi kakhulu ukuthi indandatho ye-benzene inomphumela wokuvikela ku-H; i-PP iqukethe i-hydrogen yesithathu futhi iguga kakhulu.
5. Yiziphi izizathu zokungafudumali kwe-PVC?
Impendulo: ① Isakhiwo se-molecular chain siqukethe izinsalela ze-initiator kanye ne-allyl chloride, ezenza amaqembu asebenzayo asebenze. Isibopho esiphindwe kabili seqembu lokugcina sinciphisa ukuzinza kokushisa; ② Ithonya le-oxygen lisheshisa ukususwa kwe-HCL ngesikhathi sokushisa kwe-PVC; ③ I-HCl ekhiqizwa yi-reaction inomphumela we-catalytic ekuwohlokeni kwe-PVC; ④ Ithonya lesilinganiso se-plasticizer.
6. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwamanje, yimiphi imisebenzi eyinhloko yeziqinisi zokushisa?
Impendulo: ① Munca futhi unciphise i-HCL, vimbela umphumela wayo wokusheshisa okuzenzakalelayo; ② Ukufaka esikhundleni ama-athomu e-allyl chloride angazinzile kuma-molecule e-PVC ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa kwe-HCl; ③ Ukusabela okwengeziwe ngezakhiwo ze-polyene kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwezinhlelo ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe futhi kunciphise umbala; ④ Bamba ama-free radicals futhi uvimbele ukusabela kwe-oxidation; ⑤ Ukungazweli noma ukudlula kwama-ion ensimbi noma ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezivuselela ukuwohloka; ⑥ Inomthelela wokuvikela, wokuvikela, kanye nowokwenza buthaka emisebeni ye-ultraviolet.
7. Kungani imisebe ye-ultraviolet iyingozi kakhulu kuma-polymer?
Impendulo: Amagagasi e-Ultraviolet amade futhi anamandla, aphula izibopho eziningi zamakhemikhali e-polymer.
8. Uhlobo luni lwesistimu yokusebenzisana olusetshenziswa yi-intumescent flame retardant, futhi iyini isimiso sayo esiyisisekelo nomsebenzi wayo?
Impendulo: Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi ezingaphakathi zingaphansi kohlelo lwe-phosphorus nitrogen synergistic.
Indlela Yokusebenza: Uma i-polymer equkethe i-flame retardant ishiswa, ungqimba olufanayo lwe-carbon foam lungakhiwa ebusweni bayo. Ungqimba lunokumelana okuhle komlilo ngenxa yokuvikela ukushisa, ukuhlukaniswa komoya-mpilo, ukucindezela intuthu kanye nokuvimbela ukuvuza.
9. Iyini inkomba ye-oxygen, futhi buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kobukhulu benkomba ye-oxygen kanye nokuvinjelwa komlilo?
Impendulo: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, lapho i-O2 iyisilinganiso sokugeleza komoya-mpilo; N2: Izinga lokugeleza kwe-nitrogen. Inkomba yomoya-mpilo ibhekisela kumaphesenti amancane omthamo womoya-mpilo adingekayo ekugelezeni komoya kwengxube ye-oxygen ye-nitrogen lapho isampula ethile yencazelo ingasha njalo nangokuqhubekayo njengekhandlela. I-OI<21 iyavutha, i-OI ingu-22-25 enezakhiwo zokuzicisha, i-26-27 kunzima ukuyivuthela, kanti i-28 engaphezu kuka-28 kunzima kakhulu ukuyivuthela.
10. Uhlelo lwe-antimony halide flame retardant luyibonisa kanjani imiphumela yokusebenzisana?
Impendulo: I-Sb2O3 ivame ukusetshenziselwa i-antimony, kuyilapho ama-halide e-organic evame ukusetshenziselwa ama-halide. I-Sb2O3/machine isetshenziswa nama-halide ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwayo ne-hydrogen halide ekhishwa yi-halides.
Futhi umkhiqizo uhlukaniswa ngokushisa ube yi-SbCl3, okuyigesi eguquguqukayo enephuzu eliphansi lokubila. Le gesi inobuningi obukhulu futhi ingahlala endaweni yokusha isikhathi eside ukuze inciphise amagesi avuthayo, ihlukanise umoya, futhi idlale indima ekuvimbeleni ama-olefin; Okwesibili, ingabamba ama-free radical avuthayo ukuze icindezele amalangabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SbCl3 iqina ibe yizinhlayiya eziqinile ezifana namaconsi phezu kwelangabi, futhi umphumela wayo wodonga uhlakaza ukushisa okukhulu, kwehlise ijubane noma kumise ijubane lokusha. Ngokuvamile, isilinganiso esingu-3:1 sifaneleka kakhulu kuma-athomu e-chlorine kuma-metal.
11. Ngokocwaningo lwamanje, yiziphi izindlela zokusebenza kwezithibi zomlilo?
Impendulo: ① Imikhiqizo yokubola kwezinto ezivimbela ilangabi ekushiseni kokushisa yakha ifilimu encane yengilazi engaguquki futhi engakhiqizi i-oxidizing, engahlukanisa amandla okukhanya komoya noma ibe nokushisa okuphansi.
② Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi ziyabola ngokushisa ukuze zikhiqize amagesi angashi, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise amagesi avuthayo futhi zinciphise ukugcwala komoya-mpilo endaweni yokusha; ③ Ukuncibilika nokubola kwezinto ezivimbela ilangabi zimunca ukushisa futhi zidle ukushisa;
④ Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi zikhuthaza ukwakheka kwengqimba yokushisa enezimbobo ebusweni bepulasitiki, zivimbela ukuqhutshwa kokushisa nokusha okuqhubekayo.
12. Kungani ipulasitiki ithambekele ekuhlaselweni ugesi ongashintshi ngesikhathi sokucubungula noma ukusetshenziswa?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuthi amaketanga ama-molecule e-polymer eyinhloko akhiwa kakhulu ngama-covalent bonds, awakwazi ukwenza i-ion noma ukudlulisa ama-electron. Ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yawo, lapho ihlangana futhi ingqubuzana nezinye izinto noma yona ngokwayo, iyashajwa ngenxa yokuzuza noma ukulahlekelwa ama-electron, futhi kunzima ukunyamalala ngokuziqhuba ngokwayo.
13. Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo sama-molecule sama-antistatic agents?
Impendulo: RYX R: iqembu le-oleophilic, Y: iqembu le-linker, X: iqembu le-hydrophilic. Kuma-molecule awo, kufanele kube nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kweqembu le-oleophilic elingeyona i-polar kanye neqembu le-polar hydrophilic, futhi kufanele abe nokuhambisana okuthile nezinto ze-polymer. Amaqembu e-alkyl angaphezu kwe-C12 angamaqembu ajwayelekile e-oleophilic, kuyilapho i-hydroxyl, i-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, kanye nezibopho ze-ether kungamaqembu ajwayelekile e-hydrophilic.
14. Chaza kafushane indlela yokusebenza kwama-anti-static agents.
Impendulo: Okokuqala, ama-anti-static agents akha ifilimu eqhubekayo eqhubayo ebusweni bento, enganikeza ubuso bomkhiqizo izinga elithile le-hygroscopicity kanye ne-ionization, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukumelana kobuso futhi ibangele ukuthi ama-static charges akhiqizwe avuvuke ngokushesha, ukuze kufezwe injongo ye-anti-static; Okwesibili ukunikeza ubuso bento izinga elithile lokuthambisa, ukunciphisa i-friction coefficient, ngaleyo ndlela kucindezelwe futhi kuncishiswe ukukhiqizwa kwama-static charges.
① Ama-anti-static agent angaphandle ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezinyibilikisi noma izihlakazi ngamanzi, utshwala, noma ezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Uma usebenzisa ama-anti-static agents ukufutha izinto ze-polymer, ingxenye ephilizayo ye-anti-static agent imunca amanzi emoyeni, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe ungqimba oluhambisa amanzi ebusweni bezinto, oludlala indima ekuqedeni ugesi ophilizayo;
② I-ejenti yangaphakathi yokulwa nokuma ixutshwa kwi-matrix ye-polymer ngesikhathi sokucubungula ipulasitiki, bese ithuthela ebusweni be-polymer ukuze idlale indima yokulwa nokuma;
③ I-polymer blended permanent anti-static agent iyindlela yokuhlanganisa ngokulinganayo ama-polymer aphilizayo abe yi-polymer ukuze kwakheke iziteshi eziqhuba futhi zikhulule amashaja angashintshi.
15. Yiziphi izinguquko ezivame ukwenzeka esakhiweni nasezimpahleni zerabha ngemva kokubola?
Impendulo: ① Irabha evulcanized ishintshile kusukela esakhiweni esiqondile kuya esakhiweni senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu; ② Ukushisa akusagelezi; ③ Akusancibiliki ku-solvent yayo enhle; ④ I-modulus nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe; ⑤ Izakhiwo zemishini ezithuthukisiwe; ⑥ Ukumelana nokuguga okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali; ⑦ Ukusebenza kwe-medium kungase kwehle.
16. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-sulfur sulfide kanye ne-sulfur donor sulfide?
Impendulo: ① Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-sulfur: Izibopho eziningi ze-sulfur, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nokuguga okubi, ukuguquguquka okuhle, kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu okuhlala njalo; ② Umnikeli we-sulfur: Izibopho eziningi ze-sulfur eyodwa, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kanye nokumelana nokuguga.
17. Yini eyenziwa ngumgqugquzeli we-vulcanization?
Impendulo: Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yerabha, unciphise izindleko, futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza. Izinto ezingakhuthaza i-vulcanization. Kunganciphisa isikhathi se-vulcanization, kwehlise izinga lokushisa le-vulcanization, kunciphise inani le-ejenti ye-vulcanizing, futhi kuthuthukise izakhiwo zomzimba nezemishini zerabha.
18. Isenzakalo sokushiswa: sibhekisela kusenzakalo sokwenziwa kwezinto zerabha zibe zimbi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokucubungula.
19. Chaza kafushane umsebenzi kanye nezinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-vulcanizing agents
Impendulo: Umsebenzi we-activator ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-accelerator, ukunciphisa umthamo we-accelerator, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi se-vulcanization.
I-Active agent: into engandisa umsebenzi wama-organic accelerator, evumela ukuthi asebenzise ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise inani lama-accelerator asetshenziswayo noma anciphise isikhathi se-vulcanization. Ama-Active agent ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: ama-inorganic active agents kanye nama-organic active agents. Ama-inorganic surfactants afaka kakhulu ama-metal oxides, ama-hydroxides, kanye nama-basic carbonates; Ama-organic surfactants afaka kakhulu ama-fatty acids, ama-amines, insipho, ama-polyols, kanye nama-amino alcohols. Ukwengeza inani elincane le-activator ku-rubber compound kungathuthukisa izinga layo le-vulcanization.
1) Izinto ezisebenzayo ezingaphili: ikakhulukazi ama-oxide ensimbi;
2) Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-organic: ikakhulukazi ama-fatty acid.
Qaphela: ① I-ZnO ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ye-metal oxide vulcanizing ukuze ixhume irabha ene-halogenated; ② I-ZnO ingathuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kwerabha ene-vulcanized.
20. Yimiphi imiphumela ye-accelerator futhi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-accelerator ezinemiphumela emihle ye-post?
Impendulo: Ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-vulcanization, ngeke kubangele i-vulcanization yasekuqaleni. Lapho izinga lokushisa le-vulcanization lifinyelelwa, umsebenzi we-vulcanization uphezulu, futhi lesi sici sibizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-accelerator. Ama-Sulfonamides anemiphumela emihle ye-post.
21. Incazelo yezinto zokugcoba kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezinto zokugcoba zangaphakathi nezangaphandle?
Impendulo: Isithambisi – isithambisi esingathuthukisa ukungqubuzana nokunamathelana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zepulasitiki naphakathi kokuncibilika kanye nobuso bensimbi bemishini yokucubungula, sandise ukugeleza kwe-resin, sifinyelele isikhathi sokuguqulwa kwe-resin ibe yipulasitiki, futhi sigcine ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo, sibizwa ngokuthi isithambisi.
Izithambisi zangaphandle zingakhulisa ukuthambisi kwezindawo zepulasitiki ngesikhathi sokucubungula, zinciphise amandla okunamathelana phakathi kwezindawo zepulasitiki nezensimbi, futhi zinciphise amandla okusika okwenziwa ngomshini, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe umgomo wokucutshungulwa kalula ngaphandle kokulimaza izakhiwo zepulasitiki. Izithambisi zangaphakathi zinganciphisa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwama-polymer, zandise izinga lokuncibilika kanye nokuguquguquka kokuncibilika kwamapulasitiki, zinciphise i-viscosity yokuncibilika, futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kwe-plasticization.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinto zokugcoba zangaphakathi nezangaphandle: Izinto zokugcoba zangaphakathi zidinga ukuhambisana okuhle nama-polymer, zinciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaketanga ama-molecule, futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kokugeleza; Futhi izinto zokugcoba zangaphandle zidinga izinga elithile lokuhambisana nama-polymer ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-polymer kanye nezindawo ezifakwe ngomshini.
22. Yiziphi izici ezinquma ubukhulu bomphumela wokuqinisa wama-filler?
Impendulo: Ubukhulu bomphumela wokuqinisa buxhomeke esakhiweni esiyinhloko sepulasitiki uqobo, inani lezinhlayiya zokugcwalisa, indawo ethile yobuso nosayizi, umsebenzi wobuso, usayizi wezinhlayiya nokusatshalaliswa, isakhiwo sesigaba, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nokuhlakazeka kwezinhlayiya kuma-polymer. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisana phakathi kokugcwalisa kanye nesendlalelo se-interface esakhiwe ngamaketanga e-polymer e-polymer, okuhlanganisa kokubili amandla angokwenyama noma amakhemikhali asetshenziswa ubuso bezinhlayiya kumaketanga e-polymer, kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu kanye nokuqondiswa kwamaketanga e-polymer ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo se-interface.
23. Yiziphi izici ezithinta amandla epulasitiki aqinisiwe?
Impendulo: ① Amandla e-ejenti yokuqinisa akhethwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo; ② Amandla ama-polymer ayisisekelo angahlangatshezwa ngokukhetha nokuguqulwa kwama-polymer; ③ Ukubopha ubuso phakathi kwama-plasticizer nama-polymer ayisisekelo; ④ Izinto zokuhlela zezinto zokuqinisa.
24. Iyini i-coupling agent, izici zayo zesakhiwo sama-molecule, kanye nesibonelo sokubonisa indlela esebenza ngayo.
Impendulo: Ama-coupling agents abhekisela ohlotsheni lwento engathuthukisa izakhiwo zokuxhumana phakathi kwama-filler nezinto ze-polymer.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamaqembu asebenzayo esakhiweni sawo sama-molecule: umuntu angabhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali nge-polymer matrix noma okungenani abe nokuhambisana okuhle; Olunye uhlobo lungakha izibopho zamakhemikhali nama-inorganic fillers. Isibonelo, i-silane coupling agent, ifomula ejwayelekile ingabhalwa njenge-RSiX3, lapho i-R iyiqembu elisebenzayo elinobudlelwano kanye nokusabela ngama-molecule e-polymer, njenge-vinyl chloropropyl, i-epoxy, i-methacryl, i-amino, kanye namaqembu e-thiol. I-X iyiqembu le-alkoxy elingafakwa i-hydrolyzed, njenge-methoxy, i-ethoxy, njll.
25. Iyini into ekhipha amagwebu?
Impendulo: I-ejenti ye-foam uhlobo lwento engakha isakhiwo se-microporous se-raber noma ipulasitiki esimweni soketshezi noma sepulasitiki ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile be-viscosity.
I-ejenti yokufutha ngokomzimba: uhlobo lwenhlanganisela efinyelela imigomo yokufutha ngokuthembela ezinguqukweni esimweni sayo somzimba ngesikhathi senqubo yokufutha;
I-ejenti yamakhemikhali ekhipha amagwebu: Kumazinga okushisa athile, izobola ngokushisa ukuze ikhiqize igesi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, okubangela ukuvela kwamagwebu e-polymer.
26. Yiziphi izici ze-inorganic chemistry kanye ne-organic chemistry ekuqhekekeni kwama-foam agents?
Impendulo: Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwezinto eziphilayo ezikhipha amagwebu: ① ukuhlakazeka okuhle kuma-polymer; ② Uhla lokushisa lokubola luncane futhi kulula ukululawula; ③ Igesi ye-N2 ekhiqizwayo ayishisi, ayiqhumi, ayincibiliki kalula, inesilinganiso sokusabalala esiphansi, futhi akulula ukuyibalekela kugwebu, okuholela esilinganisweni esiphezulu sengubo; ④ Izinhlayiya ezincane zibangela ama-pores amancane egwebu; ⑤ Kunezinhlobo eziningi; ⑥ Ngemva kokukhipha amagwebu, kuba nezinsalela eziningi, ngezinye izikhathi ezifinyelela ku-70% -85%. Lezi zinsalela ngezinye izikhathi zingabangela iphunga, zingcolise izinto ze-polymer, noma zikhiqize isenzakalo seqhwa elingaphezulu; ⑦ Ngesikhathi sokubola, ngokuvamile kuyimpendulo ye-exothermic. Uma ukushisa kokubola kwe-ejenti ekhipha amagwebu esetshenziswayo kuphezulu kakhulu, kungabangela i-gradient enkulu yokushisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kohlelo lokukhipha amagwebu ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha amagwebu, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekushiseni okuphezulu kwangaphakathi kanye nokulimaza izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-polymer. Ama-ejenti e-foam e-organic ikakhulukazi ayizinto ezivuthayo, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuvimbela umlilo ngesikhathi sokugcina nokusetshenziswa.
27. Iyini i-masterbatch yombala?
Impendulo: Kuyinhlanganisela eyenziwe ngokulayisha ngokulinganayo ama-pigment noma amadayi angaguquki kakhulu ku-resin; Izingxenye eziyisisekelo: ama-pigment noma amadayi, abathwali, abasabalalisi, izithasiselo; Umsebenzi: ① Inenzuzo ekugcineni ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuqina kombala wama-pigment; ② Thuthukisa ukuhlakazeka kwama-pigment kumapulasitiki; ③ Vikela impilo yabasebenzisi; ④ Inqubo elula kanye nokuguqulwa kombala okulula; ⑤ Indawo ihlanzekile futhi ayingcolisi izitsha; ⑥ Yonga isikhathi nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
28. Amandla okufaka imibala abhekisela kuphi?
Impendulo: Yikhono lezinto ezifaka imibala ukuthinta umbala wengxube yonke ngombala wazo; Uma izinto ezifaka imibala zisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki, amandla azo okumboza abhekisela ekhonweni lazo lokuvimbela ukukhanya ukuthi kungangeni emkhiqizweni.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-11-2024